An independent check of whether a thing is as claimed. An audit's value comes entirely from not being done by the maker.

A plain format holding rows of values separated by commas. Simple enough to outlive every tool that reads it.

A plain text format for structured data, readable by both machines and people. A named format rather than a concept.

A record that a thing was received. A receipt exists to protect the one who gave.

Something asserted plainly and on the record. A statement can be checked, which is what distinguishes it from a remark.